Genesis 1:2 – The Gap Theory Is Imaginary :: By Mark A. Becker
Introduction
This study survey principally investigates God’s revelation on what He accomplished on Day One of Creation Week with a contrast to what some Christians say occurred between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2 when it comes to what is known as The Gap Theory.
Please do not confuse The Gap Theory of a priorly created Earth and the Biblical Gap of unknown time in between the rapture of the church and the beginning of the seven-year Tribulation. They are not the same.
Underlined Scripture passages are my own emphasis.
A Brief Summary of The Gap Theory
The basic concept of The Gap Theory is that God had created a prior Earth that was subsequently destroyed by Satan and the fallen angels in between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2. This supposed creation included animal life – including the dinosaurs – and that the fossil record is the evidence of The Gap Theory.
Young Earth Creationists, of whom I am one, point out many difficulties, both scientifically and Biblically, to this conceptual theory. (Though I have read up on this issue in the past, the words and concepts presented within this study are uniquely my own after years of Scripture study and recent research into the original Hebrew passages.)
The notion that death was a part of a priorly created Earth that was destroyed by Satan and his fallen angels is refuted by Paul in the book of Romans.
“Wherefore, as by one man [Adam] sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned: (For until the law sin was in the world: but sin is not imputed when there is no law. “Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam’s transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come…)” – Romans 5:12-14
Though Paul is speaking specifically of mankind, the animal creation would also be cursed, along with creation itself, when Adam and Eve rebelled against God’s Word.
There is absolutely no Scriptural evidence or intimation that any imaginary, previously created Earth inhabited with life forms ever existed prior to God creating biological life and Adam and Eve during His Creation Week as established in the early chapters of Genesis.
As far as the fossil record is concerned, fossils encountered throughout the world’s sedimentary rock layers are primarily the resultant evidence left behind by the cataclysmic flood of Noah’s day.
In the end, The Gap Theory is an entirely imaginary theory, with Thomas Chalmers believed to be the first to suggest the theory in 1814, and was and is an overt attempt to appease man’s theory of evolution and deep time with God’s creation account in Genesis.
Some may object to this statement, asserting that there was no “evolution” on this first, imaginary Earth, but they do so in ignorance. If it was not for the theory of evolution and long ages – a theory that has subsisted since the fall in virtually all pagan and humanistic religions – The Gap Theory would not exist. But because pagan evolutionary pantheistic thought has prevailed throughout the history of fallen mankind – no doubt instigated by Satan himself – The Gap Theory was bound to eventually be proposed by compromising Christians who preferred the praises of men to the praises of God, accepting godless “science falsely so called,” and would ultimately and unfortunately find its way into the “theology” of some Christians.
God’s Word, however, defies The Gap Theory at every turn.
“For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.” – Exodus 20:11
The Gap Theory is also known by other names, including Old Earth Creationism, Gap Creationism, The Ruin-Reconstruction Theory, and others. There are also many variations ascribed to The Gap Theory, but they all have the basic long-aged assumptions and a Satanic cataclysm for their foundations.
This study is not an all-encompassing critique of The Gap Theory (as, in my view, examining all aspects of an imaginary theory would be painstakingly senseless).
We will, however, examine the only two references of the Hebrew “ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū‘” – translated, “without form and void” – in the Scriptures (cited by virtually all Gap Theory proponents), and we will investigate God’s recorded revelation of His early creation acts which began, “In the beginning.” After all, God is the Creator and the only One who knows exactly how He created the heavens and Earth, and thankfully, He revealed to us how He went about His creative activity in His Holy Word!
We will begin at the beginning and will return later to examine Day One of Creation Week more fully.
“In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
“And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” – Genesis 1:1-2
The Hebrew for “without form” is 8414 תֹּהוּ “tohu” and can mean always dependent upon context, formless, confusion, unreality, emptiness, empty place, nothing, naught, vain, vanity, waste, wilderness. “Tohu” occurs 20 times in the Tanakh and is translated in a variety of ways dependent upon context.
In the context of the creation account, formless is the perfect description for God’s first act and initial phase of creating Earth.
The Hebrew for “void” is 922 בֹּהוּ “bohu” and simply means emptiness, void. “Bohu” is used only three times in the Tanakh, including Genesis 1:2. Only two of the three are partnered in conjunction with “tohu.” Therefore, the Hebrew phrase “without form and void” – “ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū” – is only found in Genesis 1:2 and Jeremiah 4:23.
Jeremiah’s ‘ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū‘ – ‘Without Form and Void’
As we mentioned, Jeremiah is the only other writer who uses the Hebrew phrase, “ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū” – translated, as in Genesis 1:2, as “without form and void.”
“I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void [ṯō·hūwā·ḇō·hū]; and the heavens, and they had no light.
“I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly. I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled. I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place was a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the Lord, and by his fierce anger.” – Jeremiah 4:23-26
Jeremiah 4 is a blended prophecy of the soon-coming destruction of Judah and Jerusalem at the hands of the Babylonians and the Great Tribulation.
When it comes to Jeremiah’s “without form and void” statement in verse 23, in conjunction with verses 24-26, we can discern that this section is clearly describing the condition of Earth and the heavens at the end of the Tribulation.
Let us remind ourselves the definitions available to us with the words “tohu” and “bohu.”
“Tohu” can mean always dependent upon context, formless, confusion, unreality, emptiness, empty place, nothing, naught, vain, vanity, waste, wilderness.
In the context of the conditions of Earth at the end of the Tribulation, waste and wilderness along with confusion and emptiness are our best English translations.
“Bohu” simply means emptiness and void.
In the context of the conditions of Earth at the end of the Tribulation, sustained from the immense death that will prevail, we are reminded of Christ’s statement in the Olivet Discourse.
“And except those days should be shortened, there should no flesh be saved: but for the elect’s sake those days shall be shortened.” – Matthew 24:22
At the end of the Tribulation, the population of mankind, animals, and plant life will be so decimated that Jeremiah saw Earth as “empty and void” of most of God’s created life forms. Just a casual reading of Revelation proves this out.
Within this context found in Jeremiah 4:23-26 of the Tribulation, “without form and void” is best understood as an Earth where the biology and ecology are decimated, desolate and “wasted,” and “empty” of most of God’s created life forms, just as Jeremiah noted when he said, “there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled” (Jeremiah 4:25).
“The land shall be utterly emptied, and utterly spoiled: for the Lord hath spoken this word… Therefore hath the curse devoured the earth, and they that dwell therein are desolate: therefore the inhabitants of the earth are burned, and few men left.” – Isaiah 24:3,6
The Earth will be utterly burnt with fire at the release of the fourth Vial Judgment in Revelation 16:8-9 and the massive, overwhelming earthquake of the seventh Vial Judgment in Revelation 16:17-21, which will render Earth and her inhabitants “wasted and empty” or “formless and void.” Again, Jeremiah noted that he “beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly… the fruitful place was a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the Lord, and by his fierce anger” (Jeremiah 4:24, 26).
Fascinatingly, and of great importance in my view, is the utter darkness that will prevail at the end of the Tribulation.
Notice the phrase, “I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void [ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū]; and the heavens, and they had no light” in Jeremiah 4:26, and compare them with the Words of our Lord in His Olivet Discourse.
In The Olivet Discourse in its Entirety, where we combine the three renderings of the Olivet Discourse from the synoptic gospels, here is how our Lord spoke of the conditions of the earth and the heavens at the end of the Tribulation:
“Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken:” – Matthew 24:29
“But in those days, after that tribulation, the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, And the stars of heaven shall fall, and the powers that are in heaven shall be shaken.” – Mark 13:24-25
“And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring; Men’s hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for the powers of heaven shall be shaken.” – Luke 21:25-26
There will be absolutely no light on Earth at the end of the Tribulation, either coming from the heavens or emanating from Earth. [The Mark of the Beasts and The Parable of the Fig Tree]
Once again, Jeremiah observed of the heavens that “they had no light” (Jeremiah 4:23).
The prophet Amos put it this way:
“Woe unto you that desire the day of the Lord! to what end is it for you? the day of the Lord is darkness, and not light… Shall not the day of the Lord be darkness, and not light? even very dark, and no brightness in it?” – Amos 5:18, 20
Observe the analogous parallel of darkness at the end of the Tribulation with that of Genesis 1:2:
“And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” – Genesis 1:2
This is just prior to God creating light in Genesis 1:3.
No wonder the Holy Spirit inspired Jeremiah to use this unique Hebrew expression, as the conditions that leave Earth and her inhabitants “wasted and empty” or “formless and void” from celestial and terrestrial catastrophes are occurring in conjunction with absolute utter darkness.
Though the parallel imagery is somewhat the same – which is why Jeremiah used this Hebrew phrase found only in Genesis 1:2 – the circumstances are entirely different. One is the opening stage of God’s creative acts, while the other is the horrific conditions of Earth at the end of the Tribulation.
As just one of numerous examples we could give of how a word or a phrase can be used with two extremes in view, consider the following verse:
“And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.” – Daniel 12:2
The same Hebrew word, 5769 עוֹלָם “olam,” is translated “everlasting” in Daniel 12:2 – one for everlasting life and the other for everlasting contempt – and therefore, no one would ever suggest that this word must be uniformly applied in every usage. So why would anyone suggest the same for the Hebrew phrase “ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū“?
Context always determines how a word or phrase is to be understood, and “ṯō·hū wā·ḇō·hū” – “without form and void” – is no exception. Again, one’s context is the opening stage of God’s creative acts in Genesis 1:2, while the other’s context is the horrific conditions of Earth at the end of the Tribulation in Jeremiah 4:23.
Apart from the analogous imagery, there is absolutely no reason to ever suspect any prior creation and an imaginary destruction located between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2 ever existed. It is just not there.
Gensis 1:31
“And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.” – Genesis 1:31
In The Miraculous Body of Messiah Jesus, we observed the following regarding Genesis 1:31:
The Hebrew for “it was very good” – literally, “it was good very” – is broken down as follows:
The Hebrew for “[it was] good” is 2896 ט֖וֹב “ṭō·wḇ” and can mean pleasant, agreeable, good, excellent, perfect, beautiful, best, better, bountiful, cheerful, at ease, fair word, be in favor. In the context of Genesis 1:31, excellent and perfect would be the idea behind this word.
The Hebrew word for “very” is 3966 מְאֹ֑ד “mə·’ōḏ” and can mean exceeding, exceedingly, greatly, very, diligently, especially, far, fast, good, louder and louder. In the context of Genesis 1:31, exceeding, exceedingly, greatly is the concept behind the word.
Therefore, a better rendering in modern-day English might be “exceedingly perfect and excellent” or, more literally, “perfect and excellent, exceedingly!”
Now, let us look at the statement, “And God saw every thing that he had made…”
The Hebrew word for “made” is 6213 עָשָׂה “asah,” which means to make or create, to do, fashion, accomplish, advance, appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow.
This is the same word that is also used when God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness…” in Genesis 1:26.
The Hebrew word for “created,” in the following verse and others, is 1254 בָּרָא “bara’” with diverse meanings such as to shape, choose, create (creator), cut down, dispatch, do, make fat.
In Genesis 1:27, God used this Hebrew word “bara’” when it is said, “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him…”
Therefore, “bara’” and “asah” are used interchangeably with each other, with both words used in the Genesis account of creation for God’s “creating” and “making,” and are intrinsically linked together when it comes to man’s creation, in specific, and all of God’s creation, in general.
In fact, when God had finished His creation in Genesis 2:3, He used both words that spoke of all that He had created and made: “God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created [“bara'”] and made [“asah“].
This statement would have to include the angels, as God made/created them as well.
The Hebrew word for “everything” that God had made and created is 3605 כֹּל “kol” or “kāl-” and means the whole, all, in all manner, ye, altogether, any manner, enough, every one, place, thing.
From kalal – to complete, perfect; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense) — (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-)thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever).
“And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good…” – Genesis 1:31a
Genesis 1:1 reads, “In the beginning [when God began to create] God created the heaven.”
“The heaven” is actually in plural form and is the Hebrew “haš·šā·ma·yim.” Why is this important? Because we learn from Paul that there are three heavens (2 Corinthians 12:2-4).
These three would appear to be:
The First Heaven – the atmospheric heaven that surrounds and protects the earth.
The Second Heaven – the universal celestial heavens.
The Third Heaven – God’s heavenly abode where He and the holy angels reside.
God obviously created all three of these heavens, and one could logically deduce that the first heaven He created was the Third Heaven for His throne, where He and His angels would abide. Once this heaven was created, He would have reasonably and sensibly created the angels to inhabit this heaven with Him.
Additionally, angels, as we noted, would have to be included in God’s emphatic statement that all He had made was “perfect and excellent, exceedingly!”
God asked Job:
“Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding. Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon it? Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone thereof; When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?” – Job 38:4-7
When God “laid the foundations of the earth” and “laid the corner stone thereof,” “The morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy!”
“Stars” are often symbolic of angles in the Scriptures, and “the sons of God” is an observably clear reference to angels. This was obviously before Satan and the sons of God (fallen angels) rebelled.
The Hebrew word for “all” – as in “all the sons of God shouted for joy” – is our very same word “kol” or “kāl-” that God used in Genesis 1:31, “And God saw every thing [“kol” or “kāl-“] that he had made, and, behold, it was very good!”
Again, we see that all the angels were present when God “laid the foundations of the earth” and “laid the cornerstone thereof” when they all “shouted for joy” as God began His creation process of Earth on Day One and going forward! There is absolutely no evidence of any rebellion of Satan and his angels at this point in creation. None.
The Psalmist also echoed this truth of God laying the foundation of the earth:
“Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth: and the heavens are the work of thy hands.” – Psalm 102:25
Interestingly, Psalm 102:25 was inspirationally quoted by the author of Hebrews, which we will cite below.
When Were the Angels Created?
We know that angels were present when God “laid the foundations of the earth” and “laid the cornerstone thereof, when the morning stars [angels] sang together, and all the sons of God [angels] shouted for joy.”
Here again is the account as God questioned Job:
“Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding. Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon it? Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone thereof; When the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?” – Job 38:4-7
This indicates to us that the angels were created just after God created His “third heaven,” where He would abide (the first of God’s creation acts), and just prior to God’s process of creating Earth in the universal celestial heaven.
Genesis 1:1-5 – Day One of Creation Week
“In the beginning God created the heaven(s) and the earth.” – Genesis 1:1
I have personally come to understand that Genesis 1:1 is not a summary verse encapsulating the entire creation of God during the Creation Week (God’s summary verses can be found in Genesis 2:1-3), but rather an introductory statement of the very first creation acts of God on Day One of Creation Week.
“In the beginning God created the heaven(s)…”
God first created the heavens in the beginning of Day One of Creation Week. This would, as we noted, first begin with the Third Heaven, the Heaven of heavens, where His throne resides, and then the universal heavens of space that would be ready to receive Earth along with His celestial creation.
This overarching statement of creating the heavens also gives us every reason to believe that this is when the angels were created, ready to witness God laying down the foundations of Earth.
I would like to point out here that as the angels were created, God would seemingly want them to see His creation activity in action. Just put yourself in their place. The angels were not, nonexistent, and then, suddenly, they are (very similar to Adam and Eve). The angels would have to take God at His Word that He was their Creator. And what better way for God to prove to them that He was their Creator than for them to see Him in creative action?!?
For more on how Satan might actually believe that God was not his Creator, and the ramifications of this on the fallen angels and mankind, please see QFTBOC: What’s Satan’s Problem?
Next, God created and prepared, in the presence of the angels, the basic atomic and molecular elements of Earth, continuing His creation acts on Day One of Creation Week. (We will elaborate on this in more detail below.)
“In the beginning God created… the earth.”
These two initial stages of creation on Day One are summarized in Genesis 1:1.
“In the beginning God created the heaven(s) and the earth.”
“And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” – Genesis 1:2
In Genesis 1:2, a description of the state of this molecular conglomeration of atomic molecular elements prepared to be formed by God into a material Earth – beginning with the Holy Spirit moving, or generating energy waves, upon the face of the waters in the deep dark recesses of the universal heavens of space that God had already created – is revealed.
In the Wisdom chapter of Proverbs 8, we read:
“When he prepared the heavens, I was there: when he set a compass upon the face of the depth; When he established the clouds above: when he strengthened the fountains of the deep…“ – Proverbs 8:27-28
Paying particular attention to Genesis 1:2, we see an important correlation.
“And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” – Genesis 1:2
This signifies that the first molecular material structure to be created from all the foundational and fundamental atomic elements God had created was water – H2O – two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.
“In the beginning God created the heaven(s) and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” – Genesis 1:1-2
These two verses, taken together, declare that the three heavens and Earth’s basic and fundamental atomic and molecular elements were created and prepared by God to begin His creative processes outlined in the following verses of Genesis 1 at the very onset of the creation narrative.
These same foundational atomic and molecular elements would be the same building blocks Christ would use when He spoke into existence the material universe that would fill the celestial universal space He prepared in Genesis 1:1 and all of the life structures we see on Earth!
Stated scientifically, Genesis 1:2a could be summarized [with additional commentary] as:
“… the [basic, fundamental, and foundational atomic and molecular elements of] earth [were created and prepared by God to be materially formed into Earth’s material structure, hence, the Earth] was without form, and void.”
Or,
“… the [basic, fundamental, and foundational atomic and molecular elements of Earth were created and prepared by God to be materially formed into Earth’s material structure; hence, the] earth was without form, and void.”
Genesis 1:1-2 is God’s declarative statement of His first creation acts and the laying down of “the foundations of the earth,” as was confirmed in Job 38:4-7 and Psalm 102:25 above, which, as we alluded to, was quoted by the writer of Hebrews.
Here is that inspired statement:
“And, Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid the foundation of the earth; and the heavens are the works of thine hands…” – Hebrews 1:10
Notice that the writer of Hebrews, as he quoted Psalm 102:25 by the leading of the Holy Spirit, insists that the “foundation of the earth” was created “in the beginning,” just as God had said!
Now, let us consider Genesis 1:1-5 as the unit it was meant to be read and understood, with what we have learned.
“In the beginning God created the heaven(s) and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
“And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.” – Genesis 1:1-5
Though the evening and morning of “the first day” could not be fully recorded until God created light and “divided the light from the darkness” – as God’s physical creation in Genesis 1:1-2 occurred during darkness in the empty recesses of His universal space – the text of Genesis 1:1-5 is clearly a record of everything God created, “In the beginning,” on Day One of Creation Week.
Notice that the first stage of Day One begins with “evening” or “Night,” which would have been when “In the beginning God created the heaven(s) and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” – Genesis 1:1-2.
When God created light in Genesis 1:3-5 (and divided the light from the darkness that was already in existence in Genesis 1:1-2), this would have been the “morning” or “Day,” and, when taken together, would be “the first day.”
As a glorious aside, Paul, seemingly connecting Day One of Creation Week with the glorious gospel of Christ, said,
“For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.” – 2 Corinthians 4:6
There Is No Gap
There is absolutely no impression or intimation within any of the texts that there was any catastrophe that rendered an imaginary, priorly created Earth “without form and void.” This is purely fanciful speculation with virtually zero Scriptural support, when one applies proper exegesis, for anyone to make such an assumption.
Again, and most importantly to this notion, The Gap Theory was originally proposed to accommodate and tailored to fit a long-ages evolutionary scenario for the fossil record and geologic column that totally disregards God’s clear revelation that it was man’s fall that was the catalyst for entropy – the Second Law of Thermodynamics – and that death on Earth was a direct result of man’s rebellion and sin.
The Gap Theory Is Imaginary and is nothing more than a feeble attempt to accommodate and reconcile God’s revealed creation account in Genesis with the fictional concepts of deep time that began with pagan evolutionary pantheistic religious thoughts that were all inspired by Satan and the incredibly fruitful and dark imaginations of man himself.
While on the surface this theory appears not to be a salvific issue, I have great concerns – and for very good reason – that this theory destroys the gospel of Jesus Christ with death occurring before the fall of man. This, of course, never happened.
It cannot be emphasized enough that The Gap Theory was entirely designed to capitulate to a demonically inspired, manmade hypothesis of evolutionary theory and deep time. Compromise with the world and fallen man’s interpretation of origins, the fossil record, and the geologic column will ultimately result in delusion and corruption and will always diametrically conflict with the revealed Word of God. Therefore, I personally believe The Gap Theory is a dangerous and destructive heresy.
Nevertheless – and to end this study on a positive note – let us all offer praise, honor, and rejoice together that “In the beginning God created,” and that our Creator, Lord, and Savior had a divine plan of redemption that would bring us back to God by His wonderful and loving sacrifice for us on the cross.
His love is far beyond fathoming.
He truly is an amazing God!
May we all keep Answering the Call of The Great Commission, and giving an answer to every man and woman who so desperately needs Jesus and asks us, “Why Am I Here and What Is It All About?”
Love, grace, mercy, and shalom in Messiah Yeshua, and Maranatha!
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